Thank you to Kaustav Bhattacharjee for writing in and submitting to us his project, where he created a small 11.2 GHz motorized radio telescope with a TV dish and an RTL-SDR. A full description of Kaustav's work can be found in a white paper he wrote on behalf of the Department of Physics at the Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee. In summary he writes:
Briefly put, the hardware Setup comprises a 66 cm parabolic dish, a standard Ku-band LNB with bias tee power injection as the frontend, an RTL-SDR V3 tuned to 1.45 GHz (due to downconversion) as the receiver and a Raspberry Pi 5 handling SDR data (via GNU radio) and stepper motor control (using GPIO pins). A heatmap of the southern sky at 0.9° resolution, showing a belt of geostationary satellites, is the primary result of interest!
We also want to point out that his rotor setup involves several 3D printed gears driven by two NEMA17 stepper motors. However, Kaustav notes that the long term resolution is limited due to cumulative backlash errors from the open-loop control scheme.
Kaustav's 11.2 GHz RTL-SDR Radio TelescopeGeostationary satellites visualized with the radio telescope
The Wow! signal is a famous, strong, and unexplained radio signal detected in 1977 by the Big Ear radio telescope in Ohio, lasting 72 seconds and appearing to originate from the constellation Sagittarius. Its origin remains unknown, with some speculating that it could be an extraterrestrial technosignature. Upon reviewing the signal data, Astronomer Jerry R. Ehman discovered the powerful signal burst in the readout and wrote a large "Wow!" next to it, unintentionally coining the name.
A network of small radio telescopes offers several distinct advantages compared to large professional observatories. These systems are low-cost and can operate autonomously around the clock, making them ideal for continuous monitoring of transient events or long-duration signals that professional telescopes cannot commit to observing full-time.
Their geographic distribution enables global sky coverage and coordinated observations across different time zones, which is especially valuable for validating repeating or time-variable signals. Coincidence detection across multiple stations helps reject local radio frequency interference (RFI), increasing confidence in true astrophysical or technosignature transient events.
These networks are also highly scalable, resilient to single-point failures, and capable of rapid response to external alerts. Furthermore, they are cost-effective, engaging, and accessible, ideal for education, citizen science, and expanding participation in radio astronomy.
However, these systems also come with notable limitations when compared to professional telescopes. They have significantly lower sensitivity, limiting their ability to detect faint or distant sources. Their angular resolution is poor due to smaller dish sizes and wide beamwidths, making precise source localization difficult.
Calibration can be inconsistent across stations, and frequency stability or dynamic range may not match the performance of professional-grade equipment. Additionally, without standardized equipment and protocols, data quality and interoperability can vary across the network.
Despite these constraints, when thoughtfully coordinated, such networks can provide valuable complementary observations to professional facilities.
The team note that the Wow! signal was strong enough that it could have been detected by a small home radio telescope. They go on to make the case that we could be missing out on detecting many compelling signals simply because radio telescopes aren't watching every part of the sky simultaneously.
The project will monitor the Hydrogen Line frequency for interesting signals. Currently, the team is using a WiFi grid dish and an external LNA as the radio telescope hardware, but they also aim to evaluate our Discovery Dish with H-Line feed.
A few months ago, the SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) Institute published their ARISE project at https://agiseti.com. This is a comprehensive curriculum for students all about radio astronomy topics. The topics include labs and lectures on searching for technosignatures, data science in radio astronomy, and radio astronomy fundamentals, as well as an introduction to electromagnetic waves.
While the program is meant for in-person instruction at community colleges, if you are interested in radio astronomy (perhaps with our Discovery Dish and H-line feed), the lecture notes and slides are still a great introduction to the broader topic for anyone.
Back in 2020, we posted a tutorial on how to set up a low-cost Hydrogen Line radio telescope using an RTL-SDR, LNA, and WiFi grid antenna. Since then we have seen similar setups successfully replicated in the community many times.
In a recent Hackaday post, we discovered a paper by Jack Phelps who has written an in-depth technical and scientific description of his attempt at Hydrogen line radio astronomy with similar equipment. His paper goes into deeper scientific explanations and describes the experiment and hardware setup in detail including some signal processing, observation, and calibration equations that might be useful for those looking to understand the science more deeply.
Jack Phelps Radio Astronomy Setup and some Results
Last week we posted about Alex Petit Jr's 'Project H Line 3D' which is a collection of documents and programs designed to be a beginner's guide to antenna fabrication, reception, recording, software processing, and graphic display of the 21 cm Hydrogen line. The project makes use of an RTL-SDR and LNA as the radio front end.
This week Alex gave an online talk to the Society of Amateur Radio Astronomers (SARA) discussing the project and giving an overview.
Project H Line 3D' is a collection of documents and programs designed to be a beginner's guide to antenna fabrication, reception, recording, software processing, and graphic display of the 21 cm Hydrogen line. The project makes use of an RTL-SDR and LNA as the radio front end.
The Hydrogen Line is an observable increase in RF power at 1420.MHz that is created by natural hydrogen atoms. The Hydrogen line is most easily detected by pointing a directional antenna toward the Milky Way where neutral hydrogen is abundant. Properties of the hydrogen line curve such as its shape and Doppler shift can be used to measure the shape and properties of our galaxy.
Alex's project H Line build is designed to be inexpensive and easy for students to build and set up for drift scans which involve pointing the antenna towards the sky and letting the Earth's rotation drift the Milky Way into and through the view of the antenna.
The project includes a design for a 13-element circular patch feed Yagi that can be built using common materials available from a hardware store. The 13-element Yagi results in about 15dBi gain and a 30-degree 3dB bandwidth.
The software portion of the instructions uses the SDR# IF Average plugin, and uses that to record log files every few minutes. The log files are then converted by an included Java program by Jamison Adcock into a logarithmic dB scale and a format compatible with Rinearn 2D and 3D graphics packages.
Thank you to Alex Petit Jr who wanted to submit 'Project H Line 3D' which is a collection of documents and programs designed to be a beginners guide to antenna fabrication, reception, recording, software processing, and graphic display of the 21 cm Hydrogen line. The project makes use of an RTL-SDR and LNA as the radio front end.
If you were unaware, the Hydrogen Line is an observable increase in RF power at 1420.4058 MHz that is created by natural hydrogen atoms. The Hydrogen line is most easily detected by pointing a directional antenna toward the Milky Way where neutral hydrogen is abundant. Properties of the hydrogen line curve such as its shape and Doppler shift can be used to measure the shape and properties of our galaxy.
Alex's project H Line build is designed to be cheap and easy for students to build and set up for drift scans which involve pointing the antenna towards the sky and letting the Earth's rotation drift the Milky Way into view of the antenna.
The project includes a design for a 13-element circular path feed Yagi that can be built using common materials available from a hardware store. Alex started with a Yagi design using circular director elements but found these difficult to find and fabricate. However, through NEC antenna analysis software he found that replacing the circular elements with more commonly found and easier-to-fabricate square elements had a negligible effect on the antenna's performance, unlocking a cheaper build. The 13-element Yagi results in about 15dBi gain and a 30-degree 3dB bandwidth.
Plate Yagi gives an almost identical Hydrogen line detection as the Disk Yagi
The software portion of the instructions uses the SDR# IF Average plugin, and uses that to record log files every few minutes. The log files are then converted by an included Java program by Jamison Adcock into a logarithmic dB scale and a format compatible with Rinearn 2D and 3D graphics packages.
Over on YouTube a bunch of new talks from the Society of Amateur Radio Astronomers (SARA) have recently been uploaded from their recent SARA Western Conference that was held in April 2024. The talks typically involve small home-based radio astronomy setups that use small satellite or WiFi dishes and RTL-SDR or similar low-priced SDRs in their setup. Some of the latest talks include:
Nathan Butts: A Novice's Guide to Radio Astronomy (Link)
Dr Andrew Thornett: Detecting Cosmic Rays & Building your own version of the Large Hadron Collider (Link)
Dr Andrew Thornett M6THO: Lichfield Radio Observatory - Mapping Milky Way at 1420.405 MHz (Hydrogen) (Link)
Bruce Randall: IBT Eclipse and other Radio astronomy Failures (Link)
Felicia Lin: Mapping the Milky Way by Cross Section Data (Link)
Kent Britain WA5VJB: Antennas for Radio Astronomy (Link)
Charles Osborne: Eclipse Detection using a VLF Receiver (Link)
Dr Wolfgang Herrmann: Lunar Occultation Observation of Radio Sources (Link)
Keynote: Dr Linsay King - Gravitational Lensing (Link)
We note that the last talk was uploaded only a few hours ago at the time of this post, so we're not sure if more talks are yet to be uploaded. So please keep an eye on the SARA YouTube videos page.
Job Geheniau was someone whose amateur radio astronomy projects were often featured on RTL-SDR Blog (often referred to as Job's Radio Telescope). It with great sadness that we have recently learned that Job Geheniau passed away from cancer in late December 2023. We would like to take the time share this post to highlight some of his achievements in the amateur radio astronomy field.
Back in 2020 Job first surprised us with one of his first radio astronomy results (Part 1, Part 2) where he was able to image the Milky Way in neutral hydrogen by using a 150cm dish, RTL-SDR, LNA and motorized mount. Over eight nights he recorded hydrogen line readings throughout the Milky Way and ended up creating a 2D Excel sheet that showed an image of the Milky Way at the 1420 MHz hydrogen line frequency.
Job would go on, rapidly evolving and each time showing us that low cost hardware set up in a backyard could be used to unlock many of the secrets of the universe. Using a satellite dishes less than two meters in diameter, RTL-SDRs, LNAs and filters he was able to:
Job's Radio Astronomy website remains up at https://jgeheniau.wixsite.com/radio-astronomy, and many results and writeups of his other experiments can be found there. We will sorely miss posting about Job's achievements, but we hope that his life has inspired you to take a closer look at the amateur radio astronomy hobby.
